An elderly client is diagnosed with a respiratory infection. While reviewing age-related changes in the immune system, the nurse identifies which of the following as having contributed to this client's infection?
a) Decreased phagocytosis by Kupffer cells
b) Decreased sensation and slowing of reflexes
c) Impaired ciliary action from exposure to environmental toxins
d) Failure of the immune system to differentiate "self" from "non-self"
Answer: C
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